This volume uncovers fresh perspectives and compelling new data about how Europe is perceived beyond its borders. Much of the literature on the EU and international relations tends to follow elites and policymakers in looking from the top down and from the inside out. The enquiry attempts a double reversal of the gaze: it probes Europe from the outside in, and from the bottom up. It explores how the continent is seen through the eyes of other global powers (China, India, Turkey, Russia, the United States) and their younger generations, whose views often tend to elude scholarly attention. Qualitative and quantitative lenses combine to provide an original account of how power affects international perceptions, and how international perceptions affect power.

Olivier de France is Stipendiary Lecturer in Political Theory at Pembroke College, University of Oxford, UK.

Paul Betts is Professor of Modern European History at St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, UK.

Timothy Garton Ash is Professor of European Studies Emeritus at the University of Oxford and a Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution

Ayşe Kadıoğlu is Professor of Political Science at Sabancı University, Türkiye.

Kalypso Nicolaidis is Chair in Global Affairs at the Florence School of Transnational Governance (EUI), Italy, and Emeritus Fellow of the University of Oxford’s European Studies Centre, UK.