This open access volume poses the question of what it means to be nonreligious in a society where religion significantly shapes public institutions, legal frameworks, and societal norms. What expectations, dilemmas, and constraints emerge? And how do those who fall outside the religious mainstream adapt to these challenges? Answering these questions, this long-term ethnographic study illuminates the complexities of being part of a nonreligious minority in contemporary Morocco. Grounded in over a hundred life-story interviews with young adults who self-identify as atheist, agnostic, or cultural Muslim, it weaves together personal trajectories with theoretical insights from minority studies, queer theory, and feminist scholarship. 

While this case study focuses on Morocco, its findings form part of a broader global discussion on nonreligion. Since the 2010s, nonreligious views have experienced a surge across many Muslim-majority countries, particularly among the tech-savvy urban youth. Nevertheless, distancing oneself from Islam remains contested and carries societal, professional, and institutional repercussions.  Against this backdrop, the book follows the diverse ways nonreligious Moroccans try to navigate their predominantly Muslim environment. It explores the promises and limitations of nonreligious activism, the importance of compromises and maintaining relationships with religious family and friends, as well as building connections with other nonreligious individuals, the implications of leading a ‘double life’, and the motives behind moving abroad. 

By examining these responses from an intersectional perspective, the book offers insights into common minority responses, such as activism, adaptation, concealment, allyship, and migration. This makes it an important read for anthropologists, sociologists, human geographers, and feminist and postcolonial scholars who explore similar themes. At the same time, this work will be of particular relevance to students, researchers, and policymakers with a regional interest in Muslim-majority contexts, such as Morocco and anyone interested in questions of (non)religion and minority dynamics.

Lena Richter is a multilingual researcher with a background in Anthropology and Migration Studies and a regional specialisation in the Maghreb. She obtained her PhD in religious studies at Radboud University in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie ITN project ‘Mediating Islam in the Digital Age’. Her PhD research has focused on nonreligious activism in Morocco and the Moroccan diaspora and has received several awards. After her PhD, Lena Richter has worked as an MSCA YUFE4 postdoctoral researcher at the University of Antwerp, as part of the MIGLOBA (Migration and Global Mobility) research network. Today, she works as a postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Migration and Societal Change at Eurac Research in Bolzano. Her current project explores nonreligion as a basis for seeking asylum. Next to doing research, she has been involved in civil society initiatives and teaches in Morocco and the Netherlands on subjects such as qualitative methods, migration, transnationalism, and citizenship.