COVID-19 was not only a public health crisis but an economic and social crisis as well. Whilst health measures during the pandemic have been extensively analysed, however, economic and social responses have received far less scholarly attention. This book seeks to address this oversight by examining the implementation and performance of socio-economic measures adopted in six European multilevel systems.

In order to support businesses, self-employed workers, families, and individuals, governments at
different levels implemented a wide range of measures, which collectively formed an important part of
crisis management during the pandemic. Drawing on evidence from France, Germany, Italy, Poland,
Spain, and the United Kingdom, this book provides in-depth case studies on the design of these policies,
as well as the effectiveness of implementation and results across central and regional governments. In
doing so, it offers readers a better understanding of multilevel responses, challenges and good practices
during times of crisis. The findings have important repercussions for future crisis management.

Marius Guderjan is a lecturer and researcher at the Centre for British Studies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.

Mario Kölling is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, Spanish National Distance Education University, and a Senior Researcher at the Fundación Manuel Giménez Abad, Spain.

Johanna Schnabel is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Chair of German Politics, Otto Suhr Institute of Political Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.