This open access book presents a collection of studies by philosophers based in Portugal at some point of their careers between 2003 and 2024, addressing foundational issues currently debated in contemporary philosophy of science. It offers a survey following the lines of research developed in the last twenty years at the Center for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon (CFCUL). Following CFCUL’s broad research profile in philosophy of science, this book addresses topics in the philosophy of mathematics, physics, life sciences and artificial intelligence, as well as science and art. Furthermore, it examines concepts such as biodiversity, sentience, neo-mechanicism, emergence, interdisciplinarity and tackles studies on ontic structural realism, new-Darwinism, feminist epistemolgy, and the societal and ethical implications of technology. This book is of great use and interest to those interested in the philosophy of science and those interested in the research that has been developed in Portugal, especially at CFCUL.

João Luís Cordovil was, from 2019 to 2025, the Scientific Coordinator and Principal Investigator of the Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon (CFCUL) and was one of the founding members of the Iberian Network of Philosophy of Science (ReIFiCi). He is now an Associated Researcher at the Department of Applied Sciences of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the New University of Lisbon, developing the FCT research project “Transformational-Emergentist Ontic Structuralism Realism (TE-OSR)”. João Luís Cordovil obtained a PhD in History and Philosophy of Science at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. He studied Physics also at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. His primary research fields are the Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, Ontic Structural Realism and the theory of emergence.

Gil Santos graduated in Philosophy from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Porto and obtained his PhD from the Nova University of Lisbon. As an assistant researcher at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, he developed, from 2019 to 2025, the FCT research project “Relational Emergence, Causation, and Explanation”. His main research topics include ontological and epistemological emergence, interlevel causation, and models of integrative explanation.

Silvia Di Marco received a PhD in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Lisbon and a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Milan (under a cotutelle agreement), with a dissertation titled Towards an Epistemology of Medical Imaging. She holds a BSc in Biology from the University of Milan. From 2009 to 2024, she conducted research at the Centre for Philosophy of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (CFCUL), first as a PhD candidate and later as a postdoctoral fellow and researcher. Her current research focuses on feminist epistemologies and intersectional visual studies.