This book presents advanced metrological techniques for the creation of detailed digital replicas of artifacts and monuments. Metrology, the science of measurement, plays a pivotal role in archeology and the preservation of cultural heritage. In any field of science, accurate measurements are crucial in documenting, analyzing, and conserving artifacts, monuments, and historical sites. In archeology, metrology aids in understanding the spatial relationships between artifacts and excavation layers, allowing researchers to reconstruct past environments and human activities with precision. It ensures that findings are recorded systematically, enabling reproducibility and comparative analysis across different sites and studies. For cultural heritage preservation, metrology provides the means to monitor the degradation of monuments and artworks over time. By employing advanced measurement techniques such as 3D scanning and photogrammetry, experts can create detailed digital replicas of fragile or endangered artifacts. These digital models serve as valuable resources for virtual restoration, conservation planning, and public education. Metrology also facilitates the assessment of structural integrity and condition of historical buildings, enabling targeted interventions to prevent further deterioration. Moreover, metrological standards and protocols are essential for the authentication of cultural artifacts and the detection of forgeries. Precise measurements of material properties, dimensions, and surface characteristics can reveal inconsistencies or anomalies that may indicate fraudulent practices. This ensures the credibility and authenticity of artifacts displayed in museums and galleries, preserving the integrity of cultural heritage for future generations.

Sebastiano D‘Amico is a professor of Geophysics and currently heads at the Department of Geosciences at the University of Malta. Sebastiano does research mainly in seismology and applied geophysics in cultural heritage. He obtained his degree in physics from University of Messina (Italy), and he is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed publications.

Pasquale Daponte obtained his bachelor's degree and master's degree "cum laude" in electrical engineering in 1981 from the University of Naples, Italy. He is a full professor of electronic measurements at the University of Sannio—Benevento.  He is the immediate past chair of the Italian Association on Electrical and Electronic Measurements and the past president of IMEKO.

JoAnn Cassar is a full professor and the head of the Department of Conservation and Built Heritage within the Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta. She is a fellow of the International Institute for Conservation (FIIC), fellow of the Geological Society (FGS), chartered chemist and fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (CChem, FRSC) and chartered scientist (CSci). She has numerous scientific publications on conservation-related topics to her name and is the co-editor of seven books.

Alfred Micallef is a professor within the Department of Geosciences at University of Malta. Alfred’s research interest is in the field of general environmental physics, biometeorology, air quality modelling, monitoring and instrumentation, climate science.

Charlene Vella is Associate Professor in the Department of Art and Art History at the University of Malta, where she leads research in Late Medieval and Renaissance art. Her scholarship focuses particularly on the artistic cultures of Malta, Sicily and the wider Mediterranean, examining questions of artistic exchange, cultural interaction, materiality and gender. She obtained both her undergraduate degree and Master’s degree in History of Art from the University of Malta. She subsequently completed her Ph.D. at the University of Warwick, where she was awarded a full doctoral scholarship. 

Daniel A. Vella is an associate professor in the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Daniel’s research interests include cultural heritage materials, with a particular focus on their characterisation, deterioration, and conservation. His work combines materials science with heritage studies to better understand historic objects and develop effective strategies for their long-term preservation. Prior to joining the University of Malta, Daniel spent nine years working as a conservation scientist at Heritage Malta.