This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference, TPNC 2012, held in Tarragona, Spain, in October 2012. The 12 revised full papers presented together with 6 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 34 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on nature-inspired models of computation; synthesizing nature by means of computation; nature-inspired materials; and information processing in nature.