Premalatha Karupiah is an associate professor in Sociology at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and a committee member of the Unit for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA) at the university. She teaches research methodology and statistics.  Her research interests are in the areas of beauty culture, femininity, educational and occupational choices, and issues related to the Indian diaspora. Her work has been published in leading journals and as book chapters.

Jacqueline Liza Fernandez is a retired senior lecturer in Economics at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interests are in labour economics and gender‐related issues such as gender discrimination and gender‐based occupational segregation. She has published her writings as book chapters, conference papers and journal articles.