This book analyzes the transformation of development aid and international political thinking from the 1990s to the present. It highlights how aid became increasingly politicized as democracy promotion, governance reform, conflict prevention, and security concerns moved to the center of donor agendas. Focusing on France and the OECD, the book traces how post–Cold War transitions reshaped development policy while donor states continued to navigate the constraints of sovereignty. It examines France’s shift from paternalistic postcolonial ties to formal diplomatic relations and its support for African‑led peacekeeping initiatives. The book also explores globalization, fragile states, and post‑9/11 debates on intervention, human rights, and the evolving meaning of sovereignty, including the emergence of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Sovereignty remains crucial in balancing globalization, intervention, and national self-determination, while development aid continues to bridge disparities between developed and developing nations.  A new preface addresses the end of the liberal international order, the rise of the Global South, and the 2025 dissolution of USAID, offering a timely assessment of development aid’s role in a changing world.

Ken Masujima is Professor Emeritus of International Relations at Kobe University, Japan. He is a recipient of a French government scholarship and an Abe Fellowship. His research spans development cooperation, comparative regionalism, EU external relations, and French politics and foreign policy. His publications in English include “EU-Japan Relations”, in Jørgensen, K.E. et al. eds., Sage Handbook on European Foreign Policy (Sage, 2015). He has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals, including Globalizations and International Relations of the Asia Pacific. Prior to his academic career, he served at the OECD’s Development Cooperation Directorate, in charge of aid policy reviews, and at the Embassy of Japan in France, focusing on France’s African policy. He holds a doctorate in political science from Paris-Panthéon-Assas University.