This revised and expanded second edition guides users through the many complex issues and controversies surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) and its growing impact on business, technology, medicine, and everyday activities in America and around the world.

This resource explains theories and innovations driving AI research and debate; presents criticisms and defenses of the development, regulation, and real-world implications of AI technology in its many forms; and gives readers the information they need to make informed evaluations of the promise and peril of artificial intelligence and related technologies.

Particular areas of coverage emphasis for the encyclopedia include generative AI, with coverage ranging across key concepts, underlying technologies, specific applications, contributing disciplines, and pioneering figures; applied AI, including practical impacts across industries, fields, and political spheres; and ethical issues surrounding AI and its potential to be a force of both social good and social harm.

Philip L. Frana, PhD, is professor of interdisciplinary liberal studies at James Madison University, USA. He teaches subjects related to automation and society and has published widely on the history of technology, science, and medicine.

Michael J. Klein, PhD, is professor of interdisciplinary liberal studies at James Madison University, USA, where he teaches courses on technology and popular culture.