With the advent of computers, number theory has been finding an increasing number of applications in practical settings, such as in cryptography, random number generation, coding theory, and even concert hall acoustics. The 1996 IMA summer program on Emerging Applications of Number Theory was aimed at stimulating further work with some of these newest (and most attractive) applications. This volume contains the contributed papers from that meeting and will be of interest to anyone intrigued by novel applications of modern number -theoretical techniques.