This book was written for undergraduate students but can also serve as an introduction to more advanced courses. It summarizes current knowledge on Earth’s internal dynamics, relating continental evolution and mountain belts to mantle convection, of which plate motion is the surface expression. It is divided into three parts and sixteen chapters: Part I introduces Earth’s structure, composition, lithosphere–asthenosphere system, plate tectonics, and mantle plumes; Part II focuses on the lithosphere, discussing plate kinematics, continental rifting, oceanic crust formation, subduction zones, and mountain building; Part III addresses Earth’s origin, early continents, Archean–Proterozoic transitions, supercontinents, and the Paleozoic to Cenozoic orogens that shaped Pangea and later belts. Two appendices review basic concepts in Petrology, Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Isotope Geology.

To keep the text clear, no references are cited within the chapters. Instead, at the end of each chapter, selected articles are listed: (1) review papers, offering a broader view of the topics and the history of ideas behind current models; (2) recent papers, mostly from the last decade, showing the state of the art. These sources allow students to go deeper into specific subjects.

Prof Sérgio P. Neves is Full Professor of Geology at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil. His research focuses on regional tectonics, shear zone kinematics, and granite generation and emplacement. He has published over 65 papers, three books, and a book chapter, and has supervised Ph.D. and M.Sc. students. His work has been widely cited, and he is included in the Elsevier/Stanford list of the world’s most cited researchers