This book explores the interface between carbon-based nanomaterials and biomedicine. It offers a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective that brings together cutting-edge research from material scientists, chemists, biomedical engineers, and clinical researchers. This book shows how carbon-based nanomaterials can be structurally and functionally engineered for transformative applications in disease diagnosis and therapy. From early-stage biosensing and molecular imaging to targeted drug delivery and antimicrobial interventions, carbon architectures are uniquely positioned to redefine approaches to personalized medicine. This book delves into mechanisms, material-bio interactions, surface functionalization strategies, toxicity assessments, and translational challenges, offering a multi-dimensional view of this emerging field. It bridges the gap between bench and bedside, translating nanocarbon technologies into clinically viable solutions.