This open access book reignites discussion among philosophers of science about the nature of anomalies and their role in scientific reasoning. Some of the essays, written by scientists and historians, are devoted to the role of famous anomalies in the evolution of scientific thought about the phenomena concerned, a topic that is of wide interest to scientifically inclined members of the public, as well as to scientists, philosophers, and historians. Others, written by scientists, focus on anomalies that are currently unresolved and hence should be of interest to practicing scientists, philosophers, and interested members of the public. There are also essays, written by philosophers, drawing on historical and contemporary cases, who attempt to theorize the role of anomalies in scientific practice and discovery. In addition, this volume provides thought provoking material for science educators as students rarely entertain the possibility that an anomaly is a sign of theory failure. Yet it is clear that anomalies play a critical role in the evolution of scientific thought, both at the theoretical and empirical levels, making this unique anthology of great interest to a wide audience of interested scientists, philosophers and historians.

Carol E. Cleland’s research interests lie in the areas of Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Logic, and Metaphysics. Areas of special interest include: scientific methodology (historical science and the field sciences considered generally, and the role of anomalies in scientific discovery), scientific theories and the use of models (especially in the historical sciences), philosophy of biology (microbiology, astrobiology, nature of life, and the hypothesis of a ‘shadow biosphere’, a term which she coined), causation, space and time, supervenience, events, Church-Turing thesis and effective procedures.

Michael R. Dietrich’s focus lies in History and Philosophy of Biology, Science and Values, Digital and Computational Humanities. Much of his research focuses on scientific controversies, such as disputes over genetic drift, molecular evolution, and macroevolution. His interest in the drivers of innovation in science has also led him to research the role of outsiders and diversity in biological research.