This book covers the discovery of molecular biomarkers, the development of laboratory testing techniques and their clinical applications, focusing on basic research to clinical practice. It introduces new and crucial knowledge and ethics of clinical molecular diagnosis. This book emphasizes the applications of clinical molecular diagnostic test on health management, especially from different diseased organs.

In this second edition, the contents are updated according to the rapid development of molecular detection and diagnostic technology. 10 chapters are added, such as CTC and ctDNA detection, description and verification of biological reference intervals, and molecular diagnosis in 4 more common clinical diseases. It lets readers to understand and realize precision healthcare.

Professor Shiyang Pan, chief physician, researcher and doctoral supervisor, is the former director of the Department of Laboratory Medicine in Nanjing Medical University (NJMU) and the First Affiliated Hospital of NJMU.

Prof. Ettore Capoluongo is Full Professor of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology at the Department of Excellence in Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.

Dr. Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez is Professor with Tenure, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA